shhh! (sound used when getting someone to shut up); shoo! (sound used to drive animals away)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
(initial) setup; installation
completion; conclusion; perfect (tense, form, aspect)
artificial intelligence; AI
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
second (unit of time); arc second
the same; the said; likewise
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
startup; booting up; activation; starting (e.g. engine, computer); launch
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
image; figure; figure; form; image
complete; completion; perfection; accomplishment
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
favourable; favorable; doing well; OK; all right
ongoing; in progress; afoot
be that as it may; even so; though that be so
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
energy; energy; strength; energy source; energy resource; food energy
control (of a machine, device, etc.); control (over an opponent, one's emotions, etc.); governing; management
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
investigation to determine the cause (of); tracing something back to its origin
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)