machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build up; to establish (one's reputation)
living flesh; flesh and blood; physical body of Buddha or a bodhisattva
living thing; organism; creature; biology
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
at some point in the past; at some stage
to make a mistake (in); to commit an error; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to mislead; to misguide
development; growth; development (of a situation, story, etc.); advancement; playing around; having an active sex life
crystal; crystallization; crystallisation; fruits (of labor, union, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
life or death; existence; destiny
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
heat; fever; temperature; zeal; passion
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)