indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
in that way; thus; so; so?
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
ship's captain; skipper; length of a ship; boatman
guaranteed; authentic; certified
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
one or two; a few; small number
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
anyone; anybody; everyone; everybody; whoever
to breathe out; to breathe; to tell (a lie); to use (foul language); to vomit; to throw up
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
woman; lady; adult female
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point