expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
training; drill; practice; discipline
lodging together; training camp; boarding house
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
favourable; favorable; doing well; OK; all right
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
(fighting) spirit; motivation; shout (for getting in the right mood to deal with something, etc.); cheer; kiai; short shout when performing an attacking move
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
adds force or indicates command
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
headquarters; head office; main office
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
environment; circumstance
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
refresh (e.g. memory, one's spirits, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise