indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
stars; the stars and planets; celestial bodies
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
imagination; supposition; guess
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yearning; longing; aspiration; adoration; admiration
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stir up; to poke (the fire); to beat (an egg); to arouse (interest, feelings, etc.); to stir; to stoke
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to look up at; to raise one's eyes; to look up to; to admire; to respect
glitter; glimmer; sparkle; twinkle
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to look at; to gaze at; to look out over; to get a view of; to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch
brightness; brilliance; brilliancy; radiance; glitter
time; hour; period; class
to differ; to vary; to disagree
but; however; even though; even if
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
being deeply moved emotionally; excitement; passion; inspiration; deep emotion; strong impression
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
equal; identical; the same; no different (to); just like; equivalent
to fly about; to skip about; to bustle about
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
to fade (of a colour); to grow dull in color (colour); to lose vividness; to lose freshness; to grow stale
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
assembly hall; meeting place; venue; grounds
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise