to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
really; truly; indeed; good grief
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
any more; any further; any better; any longer
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
to substitute for; to stand in for; to fill in for
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
deciding first; settling (a matter) first; first priority
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to put on weight; to gain weight; to grow fat; to get stout
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
how long; how much; to what extent
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
forward; frontward; ahead; rectangular front
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for