as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
through; throughout; in the course of; all over or throughout (e.g. a place)
to be put in order; to be put to rights; to be disposed of; to be solved; to be finished; to be married (off)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
yuzu (Citrus ichangensis x C. reticulata)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
proprietress (of a traditional Japanese inn or restaurant); landlady; hostess; mistress
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
among these; between these; of these; in here; in this
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
anyhow; in any case; at any rate; at best; at most
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
all; entire; whole; altogether
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind (in a race, one's studies, etc.); to lag behind; to be bereaved of; to be preceded by (someone) in death
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
don't you think?; indicates question
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
scroll; rolled book; scarf; muffler; sushi made rolled in nori seaweed with a core of filling
sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera); Indian lotus; lotus; rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus)
suffix for familiar person
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
returning home; visiting one's parents; new bride's first visit to parents
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)