indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
return gift; return favour (favor); revenge; change (in a cash transaction)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
autumn colours; fall colors; leaves turning red; red leaves; leaves turning yellow; yellow leaves; (Japanese) maple (Acer japonicum)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hot spring; onsen; hot spring resort; hot spring spa
travel; trip; journey; excursion; tour
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
present; gift; to give a present or gift
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
to wrap up; to pack; to cover; to envelop; to conceal (a feeling); to hide
pleasantly warm; nice and warm; repeatedly (hitting someone); again and again; over and over
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
warm; mild; considerate; kind; warm (of a colour); mellow
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
time; hour; period; class
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
thump-thump; bang-bang; pit-a-pat; to beat fast (of one's heart); to throb; to pound
trembling; getting nervous; excited; thrilled
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to clear up; to clear away; to refresh (e.g. spirits); to be cleared (e.g. of a suspicion); to be dispelled; to be banished
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
life; living; I; me; student
people; (all) persons; you (usu. plural); various
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
suffix for familiar person
attendance; presence; appearance
good; OK; all right; fine; very well; will do
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish