indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to grant (request, wish); to answer (prayer); to fulfill (conditions); to meet (requirements)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
desire; wish; request; entreaty; prayer; (written) application
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
master; teacher; stable master
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
laugh; laughter; smile; sneer; sex aids (e.g. dildos, pornographic books, erotic woodblock prints, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
looking good; sounding good; (of) good appearance
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
the last moment; the very end
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
unshapely; unsightly; clumsy; unpresentable; uncouth; awkward
to paw (at) the ground; to struggle (using one's arms and legs); to flounder; to struggle (to escape an adverse situation); to strive
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
retainer; subject; vassal; servant
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to cease; to stop; to be over
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to bow; to bow one's head; to apologize; to apologise; to bow to; to yield to
communication with the dead