indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
treasure; picture of a treasure ship; money; cash
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
majestic; commanding; imposing; stately; dignified; with pomp and circumstance
behaving outrageously as though there were no one around; acting without consideration for others; arrogance; audacity; insolence
anywhere; for all time; through thick and thin; come hell or high water; persistently; stubbornly
to run swiftly; to dash; to rush; to race
home town; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
Buddhist priest; bonze; layman dressed like a priest; person
name; given name; first name
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to make matters worse; besides; what's more; in addition; on top of that
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
smelling burnt; smelling scorched; smelling of gunpowder (i.e. as if armed conflict is about to break out); tense; suspicious; dubious
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
leaving a decision to someone else (often of a meal to be selected by the chef); omakase
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
please (give me); please (do for me)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")