to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
orphan; person without friends
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
father; dad; husband; you; he
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
poor; pitiable; pathetic; pitiful
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
substitute; replacement; stand-in; proxy; compensation; exchange
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
to be found; to be discovered
exactly; precisely; just; as if; as though; quite
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to lose (through death) (e.g. wife, child)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
rising up; towering; plump; chubby; shaggy; hairy
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
name; given name; first name
trembling (with fear, anger, etc.); shivering (with cold); shaking; quivering