indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
jeweler; gem dealer; jeweler's (jewelry) shop
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to be called; to do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
by all means; at any cost; whether (one is) willing or not; willingly or unwillingly; on no account; by no means
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to cling to; to hang onto; to rely on; to depend on; to implore; to entreat
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
audience (with a person of high standing)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
Your Majesty; His Majesty; Her Majesty
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to give (as a gift); to present; to confer; to bestow; to award
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
in that way; like that; that way
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...