indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
jack; knave; (electrical) jack; hijack; hijacking
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to know (a person); to think
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
again; once more; a second time
to come back; to bloom a second time
we; us; I; me; my store (business, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ago; since; before; previous
dismissal (from a position); discharge
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
while; during; while; although; all; both
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
opening to the public; making available to the public; putting on display; exhibiting; showing (play, movie, etc.); holding (interview, etc.)
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
public finance; financial affairs; financial situation
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
a matter of course; what is to be expected; par for the course
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to