indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
glasses; eyeglasses; spectacles; judgment; judgement; discrimination
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
name; given name; first name
young female rice planter; young girl
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to wager; to bet; to risk; to stake; to gamble
sorry; excuse me; thank you
general affairs department (bureau); executive section
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
older brother; elder brother
changing clothes; change of clothes
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
I appreciate your efforts
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
cosmic dual forces; yin and yang; sun and moon, etc.
government office; agency; board
to raid; to launch an attack; to invade
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
mark; symbol; to mark; to put a mark on; trademark; paying attention to; focusing on
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
to turn over; to turn upside down; to knock over; to tip over; to overturn (e.g. a decision); to upset