to keep (a pet or other animal); to have; to own; to raise; to rear; to feed
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
because of; owing to; due to
chest of drawers; bureau; cabinet; tansu; dresser
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
discipline; training; teaching manners
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
elementary and middle schools
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
in that way; thus; so; so?
was it?; I think it was ...; if I've got it right; (I, we) used to ...; I remember ...; it was ...
to mind (negative nuance); to care about; to worry; to pay undue (amount of) attention to (something)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to negotiate (with someone about); to talk over (something with); to tackle someone (about); to throw on each other; to splash (water) on each other; to pour on each other
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant