indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
robot; (mere) puppet; pawn; figurehead
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
servant (of the people); minister (of religion)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
development; exploitation
clause; article; stipulations
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
function; facility; faculty; feature
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
article (in document); provision; stripe; streak; although; though
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
activity (of a person, organization, animal, volcano, etc.); action; movie (esp. during the silent movie period)
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
restoration; repair; mending
above-mentioned; above-named; above
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
to satisfy (conditions, one's appetite, etc.); to meet (e.g. demands); to fulfill; to fill (e.g. a cup); to pack; to supply
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
stoppage; coming to a stop; ceasing (movement, activity, etc.); suspension (of operations); suspension (of payment, licence, etc.); (temporary) prohibition
processing; dealing with; treatment; disposition; disposal
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
life; existence; (one's) working life; career; life force; lifeblood
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous