indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be found; to be discovered
corresponding to (in meaning, function, etc.); being equivalent to; appropriate; suitable; to be proportionate to; to be in keeping with
trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern
intently; single-mindedly; devotedly; solely; earnestly; with all one's heart
copy (of the real thing); copying; reproduction; tracing
respect; esteem; reverence; honour; honor
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
thorough; exhaustive; complete
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
pursuit (of a goal, ideal, etc.); search; chase; seeking after
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
deplorable; regrettable; disappointing; vexing; unfortunate
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to be able to tell apart; to distinguish; to recognize
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to burn; to kindle; to heat (a bath); to light (a stove); to use (a camera flash)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
difference; distinction; discrepancy; mistake; error
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
silver; senior citizen; pensioner
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
genuine article; real thing; real deal
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
spurious article; forgery; counterfeit; imitation; sham
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence