eve (esp. Christmas Eve); the night before
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to train; to teach; to acquire (information); to learn; to stock; to stock up on
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
at once; immediately; right now
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(face) mask; (facial) features; looks; mask (e.g. for circuit etching)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
to take out; to produce; to pick out; to fetch; to retrieve
you have only to; all you have to (do); all that's required; as long as; if only
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
time; hour; period; class
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
dispersion; breakup; variance; dispersion
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
expectation; anticipation; prediction; forecast; conjecture
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
to join together; to combine; to join up
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
control center; control centre