indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sacred treasure; the three sacred treasures (sword, jewel, mirror); implement used in religious ceremonies
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
quarrel; brawl; fight; squabble; scuffle; argument
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
participation; joining; entry; adherence
party; group; troop; one act; one action; one deed
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
expectation; anticipation; purpose; intention; others' opinions of one; speculation
to go around; to return; to surround; to concern (usu. of disputes)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
body; group; party; company; troupe
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
fight; fighting spirit; fight!; do your best
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
unshapely; unsightly; clumsy; unpresentable; uncouth; awkward
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
to tell (to do); to order; to tell on (someone); to tattle; to often say
adds force or indicates command
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
aid; assistance; help; cheering; rooting (for); support
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid