Japanese person; Japanese people
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
older brother; elder brother
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NASA
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
last; final; closing; last train (bus, flight, etc.; of the day)
interview (e.g. for a job)
just barely; only just; at the very limit; at the last moment
to row (a boat) to (a pier, shore, etc.); to reach (a goal after considerable effort); to arrive at; to (finally) manage to do
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
just like; (virtually) no different from; (almost) the same as; as good as (e.g. dead, settled)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
contrary to expectations; or so we thought, but ...
suspicious; dubious; doubtful; unsure; untrustworthy; unreliable; strange
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to drift; to float; to waft (e.g. a scent); to hang in the air; to be in the air (e.g. a feeling or mood); to wander; to walk around aimlessly
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
than; from; out of; except; but; more
mum; mom; mummy; the missus
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
local specialty or souvenir bought as a gift while travelling; present brought by a visitor; something unpleasant that one is given (e.g. an illness while on vacation); unwelcome gift
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
adds force or indicates command
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
best-before date (on food); use-by date; expiry date; expiration date
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
kimchi; kimchee; spicy Korean pickled cabbage; Korea; Korean
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable