indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
training; drill; practice; discipline
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
development; evolution; expansion; spreading out; expansion (of an algebraic expression); development (of a three-dimensional shape)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
how long; how far; how much
accurate; correct; precise; exact
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
goal; basket (basketball); finishing line; Gaul
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to compete; to contend; to vie; to contest
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
counter for birds, rabbits, etc.
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
day in question; appointed day; that very day; the day (of issue, publication, etc.)
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
local (rain, distribution, outbreak, etc.); localized; regional; isolated
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
course; route; course (of study); program; lane (in running, swimming, etc.); course (of action); policy
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)