previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
reserve; spare; preparation; preliminaries
preliminary contest; qualifying round; trial; heat; primary
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
breaking through; breakthrough; surmounting; overcoming; exceeding; passing
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
how; in what way; by what means
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
to face; to go towards; to head towards
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to one's heart's content; as much as one wants; as hard as one can; resolution; decisiveness; determination
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to grant (request, wish); to answer (prayer); to fulfill (conditions); to meet (requirements)
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
district; section; sector
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
How do you do?; I am glad to meet you
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
girls college (esp. in names of Christian schools)