indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
source (of a river); fountainhead; source; origin; root
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
senior high school; high school
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
a tiny bit; just a smidgin; a wee bit; very slightly
entirely useless; completely worthless; no no; don't!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
style; way; shape; form; appearance; state
quantity; amount; volume; number; amount of money
myself; yourself; I; me; you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
then; and then; and; if so; because then; if that's the case
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
I'm off; see you later; to go (and then come back)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah