indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
clearly; plainly; distinctly; to be clear; to be definite; to be certain
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
boo! (sound used to scare someone); ugh (dissatisfaction, aggravation); ulp (consternation)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Japan; name for Japan used in ancient China
waist; waistline; waist measurement
dukedom; duchy; principality
pupil; student; schoolchild
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
noted family; noble family; prestigious school, organization, business, etc.
student accommodation; student dormitory
boarder; boarding student
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
dispute; strife; quarrel; dissension; conflict; rivalry
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to repeat; to do something over again
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
leaving a decision to someone else (often of a meal to be selected by the chef); omakase