indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
leaving something where it is; abandoning something
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to tidy up; to put in order; to settle (problem); to clear (dispute); to finish; to bring something to an end
field; plain; prairie; moor
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
lovely; wonderful; nice; great; fantastic; superb