indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
part; part-timer; part-time (work)
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
bungler; greenhorn; clumsy; poor hand
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
how; in what way; by what means
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
outline; main points; generally; on the whole; general; rough
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
and then; and so; and; so then
with; by; because of; on account of; on (a day, date); at (a time); adds emphasis to preceding word
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to strain or exert oneself; to go all out
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to grow; to spring up; to sprout; to cut (teeth)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(fighting) spirit; motivation; shout (for getting in the right mood to deal with something, etc.); cheer; kiai; short shout when performing an attacking move
shot; charge; blow; punch; home run; try
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
wind; gas; fart; something worthless; something not worth considering
screw; key (of a clock, watch, etc.); spring (of a clock, watch, etc.)
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
(I) will; (I) shall; let's; (I) wonder (if); might it be (that); hey
miso lees; miso strainings; miso dregs; child who is made light of; child who is left out of games; immature child or person
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!