indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to air; to dry; to drain (off); to drink up; to deprive of a role, job, etc.
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thin; slender; fine; unlucky
to speak; to hear a voice
now; the present time; just now; another; more
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
phone scam involving calls from pretended relatives in distress
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to put oneself on guard; to stand ready; to square off
it's been a long time; long time no see
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
hello; good day; good afternoon
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
owner; proprietor; possessor (e.g. of talent, beauty, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a few years ago; some years back
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
one's house; one's home; one's family
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
boy; son; baby boy; young man
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest