indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
circumstances; condition; to arrange; to manage; to lend money; to raise money
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
foreign; abroad; overseas
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
living by oneself; living alone
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
only; merely; but; no more than
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
adds force or indicates command
irresponsible; perfunctory; lukewarm; half-baked; reasonable; moderate
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
dark history; dark past; something one wants to forget or pretend never happened
behaving in a way characteristic of teenagers going through puberty, esp. by being overly self-conscious; (lit.) 2nd year of junior high sickness
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
senior high school; high school
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
in the same way as; just like
by means of; due to; because of; according to