indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
counter for small animals; counter for rolls of cloth (two han in size); (arch.) counter for horses; roll of cloth
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
moo (sound of a cow); moo-cow; moo-moo
suffix for familiar person
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
honorific/polite/humble prefix
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
glittering; sparkling; glistening; twinkling
to shine; to glitter; to be bright
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to rub; to crumple; to massage; to argue; to have a heated discussion; to train; to coach
invincible; unrivaled; unrivalled; matchless; unbeatable; undefeatable
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
when it becomes; when it comes to
that's good; that's nice; like (on social media); is that clear?; OK?
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
quarrel; brawl; fight; squabble; scuffle; argument
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor