indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
since when; from when; how long
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
rakugo; traditional Japanese comic storytelling; comic story (told by a professional storyteller)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
et cetera; etc.; and the like; the likes of; something like
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to change; to alter; to mistake; to make a mistake; to fail to keep (e.g. one's promise); to sprain (a muscle)
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
tear; tears; lachrymal secretion; sympathy
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
worst; poor and boring; uncool
stock; share; stump; (clump of) roots; plant with attached roots or stem; strain (of bacteria, etc.); stock company
to gnaw; to nibble; to bite; to dabble in; to have a smattering of
tuber; taro; yokel; bumpkin; dud; worthless thing
to dig; to excavate; to delve into; to dig up (e.g. vegetables); (for two men) to have anal sex
hey; hello; wow; oh; oomph; heave-ho
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
central figure; pillar (e.g. of the nation); chief; boss; master carpenter; beams and ridge supports of a roof
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
remarkably; noticeably; considerably; appreciably
association; socializing; socialising; fellowship
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)