senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
pupil; student; schoolchild
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
exemplar; model; example; pattern
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
campaign (vote-getting) speech (for a candidate)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
perfect; complete; flawless
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to invite; to ask (someone to do); to tempt; to lure; to induce (tears, laughter, sleepiness, etc.); to arouse (e.g. sympathy)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
regular; regular member (e.g. of football team, etc.); regular (petrol, gasoline)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing