indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
study group; study meeting
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
study; diligence; discount; reduction
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
interval; break; pause; spare moment
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
youth; springtime of life; adolescent
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
permission; approval; authorization; to permit; to authorize
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
such; like that; that sort of; very
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
applicant; candidate; person interested in doing something; person wanting to do something; interested party; volunteer