crossing; passage; importing; import; wandering; wanderer; migration
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
territories in the vicinity of the capital and under direct imperial rule; (in Japanese history) the five kuni in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto
state of things; state of affairs; condition; situation; circumstances
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to get information out of a person; to begin listening
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
group engaged in some activity (players, companies, forces, etc.)
to be added to; to be appended; to join in (e.g. a group of friends); to participate; to increase (e.g. heat); to gain in (e.g. influence)
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
too much; excessively; too
reason; significance; cause; piece of information that one has heard; I hear that ...; it is said that ...
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
battle; fight; fighting; engagement; contest
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
great mountain; large mountain
small peninsula; cape; promontory; headland
holding a castle (during a siege); holing up; confinement (to one's home); staying at home; staying indoors
war; battle; match; game; competition
win; victory; beautiful scenery; scenic spot; counter for wins
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to chip; to nick; to break; to lack
ignominious defeat; crushing failure; utterly beaten; overwhelming defeat
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
terrific; fierce; terrible; tremendous; dreadful; awful
force; vigor; influence; authority; impetus; momentum
Hokuriku region of Honshu (incl. Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa and Fukui prefectures)
even; even if; even though; because of; on the grounds that
to come true (of a wish, prayer, etc.); to be realized; to suit (e.g. a purpose); to meet (wishes, ideals, etc.); to match (implies competition); to rival
probably isn't (doesn't, won't, etc.); don't (doesn't) intend to; intend not to; must not; (when used in an imperative sentence) don't
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
justice; right; righteousness; correct meaning; correct explanation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
already; now; no longer; not any more