this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
mansion; palace; (arch.) nobleman; (arch.) noblewoman; (arch.) cabin (on a boat, carriage, etc.)
wood; woods; forest; bunch (of something); cluster; line
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
squirrel's foot fern (Davallia mariesii); Lepisorus thunbergianus (species of fern); color of clothing layers under one's overcoat (light green on blue); ancient women's hairstyle; clothing patterned using squirrel's foot fern
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
inundating a castle; cutting off a castle's water supply
where ... is concerned; when it becomes; if it becomes
what kind of; whatever sort of; no matter what; however much
all kinds of things; various things; large number of people
commander; general; leader
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to say; to be called; to do
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
probably isn't (doesn't, won't, etc.); don't (doesn't) intend to; intend not to; must not; (when used in an imperative sentence) don't
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
bowl; vessel; container; ability; capacity; calibre
making; producing; appearance (attire, make-up, etc.); build; physique; sashimi
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.); to face (e.g. east) (of a building, window, etc.); to look out on; to point (of an arrow, compass needle, etc.); to be suited to
Musashi (former province located in parts of present-day Tokyo, Kanagawa and Saitama prefectures)
iron (Fe); strong and hard (as iron); railway; railway enthusiast
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof