indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
race; tribe; species; genus; stellar population (i.e. population I, II and III)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to sow seeds; to sow the seeds of ... (e.g. conflict)
field (for fruits, vegetables, etc.); cultivated land; field (of specialization); sphere; womb; birth
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to till; to plow; to plough; to cultivate
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
pronunciation; production of sound
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
adds force or indicates command
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
workmanship; craftsmanship; grades; results; quality (e.g. of a crop); dealings
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
student (esp. a university student)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
Japanese person; Japanese people
around the world; throughout the world
to fly about; to skip about; to bustle about