indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
matter; affair; issue; matter; material; substance
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(animal) feed; fodder; pet food; bait; lure; enticement
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
next (e.g. "next April"); forthcoming; coming; to come; to arrive; to be due to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
mistake; error; accident; mishap; improper conduct (e.g. between man and woman); indiscretion
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
such; like that; that sort of; very
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
stimulation (e.g. of an economy); revitalization (e.g. of a town); rejuvenation; activation
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
whole (body); full-length (e.g. portrait); systemic
artificial; man-made; human work; human skill; artificiality
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
what the?; what's that?; what are you doing?; what's going on?
besides; in addition; also; moreover
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
suit (clothing); suit (playing cards)
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
coolness; calmness; composure; all right; fine; OK
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest