indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
Japanese witch-hazel (Hamamelis japonica)
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) unit of land area (595.8 m^2)
suffix for familiar person
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
cooked rice; meal; food; one's living; livelihood
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
another helping; second helping; seconds; command to have dog place its second paw in one's hand
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
house; one's house; one's home; one's family
nori; laver; edible seaweed, usu. Porphyra yezoensis or P. tenera, usu. dried and pressed into sheets
to bring; to take (something) along; to fetch; to get
blunder; miss; slip; oversight
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
morning training (e.g. before school)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
to be hit; to strike; to touch; to be in contact; to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
playing; play (margin between on and off, gap before pressing button or lever has an effect)