indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
home town; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
sure; no mistaking it; for certain; without doubt
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to put back; to return; to vomit; to throw up; to recover (of a market price)
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
time; hour; period; class
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to weigh on one's mind; to bother one; to be interested (in); to be curious (about); to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to
whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
settlement; solution; resolution
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
you (primarily used by males when addressing their male equals or inferiors)
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to face; to go towards; to head towards
family; clan; sect; school; group of related sumo stables
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
first generation; founder
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every