at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
suspension; stoppage; discontinuance; interruption
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
unclear; obscure; unknown; unidentified; ignorance; lack of wisdom
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
was it?; I think it was ...; if I've got it right; (I, we) used to ...; I remember ...; it was ...
suffix for familiar person
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
interest (in something); curiosity (about something); zest (for)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
end; finish; bounds; limits; delivery date (of a futures contract); finale (of a noh song); end of an act (in jōruri or kabuki)
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
(a) little; somewhat; somehow