indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
two persons; two people; pair; couple
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about; questionable
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
no; that's wrong; it's not like that; isn't it?; wasn't it?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
manzai; comic dialogue; two-person comedy act (usu. presented as a fast-paced dialogue, occ. presented as a skit)
laugh; laughter; smile; sneer; sex aids (e.g. dildos, pornographic books, erotic woodblock prints, etc.)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
marsh; swamp; wetland; being hooked (on a video game, TV show, etc.)
beach; seashore; captured pieces (in the game of go); captured stones; Yokohama; (arch.) riverbank
how; in what way; how about
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
well; properly; best regards; please remember me; just like ...; as though one were ...
to sew; to stitch; to weave one's way (e.g. through a crowd)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly
now; the present time; just now; another; more
middle of a field; middle of a country; field of contest
server; (cake) server; (water) dispenser; server (tennis, volleyball, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
how; in what way; by what means
don't you think?; indicates question
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling