indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
older sister; elder sister
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
calm; quiet; gentle; moderate; reasonable; amicable
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
now that you mention it; come to think of it; that reminds me; on that subject; speaking of which
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to visit; to call on; to pay a visit to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
(arch.) dancing girl (end of the Heian period); prostitute; tempo in gagaku
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to say; to be called; to do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
the person in question; prominent figure; distinguished person; that person
now; the present time; just now; another; more
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience