castle town; city in Japan that developed around the castle of a feudal lord
Tochigi prefecture (Kanto area)
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
the Five Highways (radiating from Edo)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Ōu (the two former provinces of Mutsu and Dewa); Tōhoku
highway (esp. one existing from the Edo period); main road; highway (e.g. to success); path (to becoming ...); subdistrict (in China)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
sunlight; sunshine; sunbeams
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
relay station (esp. on Edo-period highway); post station; stage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
to branch; to fork; to separate; to split; to disperse; to scatter
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
international; worldwide; cross-border; cosmopolitan
tourist attraction; sight-seeing area
avatamsa (flower adornment, as a metaphor for becoming a buddha); Avatamska sutra; Kegon (sect of Buddhism)
waterfall; (arch.) rapids
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
prominent; leading; foremost; distinguished
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
entrance door; front door; gateway (to a region, etc.)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to be crowded with people; to be bustling with; to prosper; to flourish; to do thriving business
now; the present time; just now; another; more
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
Tochigi (city, prefecture)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
Utsunomiya (city in Tochigi)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
becoming red hot; red heat; scorching heat; running high (of emotions); burning (with passion, enthusiasm, etc.)
inter-scholastic athletics competition