indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
together; at the same time; same; identical
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582.6.21)
Japanese beech (Fagus crenata); Siebold's beech
in that way; thus; so; so?
immovable; motionless; firm; Acala (Wisdom King); Fudō; fierce Buddhist deity
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
very; extremely; extreme; excessive; splendid; impressive
excellent article; fine item; rare beauty; masterpiece; gem
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
how long; how far; how much
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
to get drunk; to become intoxicated; to feel sick (e.g. in a vehicle); to become nauseated; to be elated; to be exalted
knee; lap; knee and thigh (while sitting)
to strike; to clap; to play drums; to abuse; to bash; to consult; to sound out
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
corresponding to (in meaning, function, etc.); being equivalent to; appropriate; suitable; to be proportionate to; to be in keeping with
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
manure; fertilizer; fertiliser; compost
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
rainy season (in Japan usu. from early June to mid-July); rain during the rainy season
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed