indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
success; passing (e.g. exam); eligibility
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
procedure; process; proceedings; formalities
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
family; members of a family
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
inspection (e.g. customs, factory); examination; scan (e.g. MRI, PET, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
please (give me); please (do for me)
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
father; dad; husband; you; he
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
traditional ordering of the Japanese syllabary; fundamentals; the ABCs of ...
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
powerful deity (sometimes impetuous); miraculous spirit
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to disappear (of people or animals); to go (away); to leave; to no longer exist
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
how; in what way; how about
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to abandon; to fail; to desert; to forsake
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question