boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
great depth; bottomless; great height
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to climb over; to get over; to surmount; to overcome; to surpass; to overtake
taking; taker; last performer of the day (usu. the star performer); last performance of the day; active partner (e.g. in judo demonstration); emphatic or formal prefix
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
order; discipline; regularity; system; method
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
diligently; assiduously; industriously; beavering away
to continue to work; to work away (at)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
(social) position; status
suffix for familiar person
well; properly; best regards; please remember me; just like ...; as though one were ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
wholesale delegation; hundred-percent subcontracting; leaving all the decision-making to somebody else
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
exactly as stated; verbatim
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
in that way; thus; so; so?
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
must not; should not; do not
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily