indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
scenery; scene; landscape; scene (e.g. of a crime)
repetition; repeat; reiteration; repeatedly
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
to shake; to jolt; to rock (cradle); to swing
while; during; while; although; all; both
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to desire; to wish; to beg; to request; to have something done for oneself
to close one's eyes; to lower one's eyelids; to shut one's eyes; to die; to breathe one's last
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
on the contrary; rather; all the more; instead
sleepy; drowsy; somnolent
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
adds force or indicates command
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more