hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)
amendment; correction; revision; modification; alteration; retouching
eating strange food; eating bizarre things; simple diet; plain food; eating meat (thus breaking Buddhist rules)
number of times; frequency; count
restriction; restraint; limitation; limit
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
counter for occurrences; a time; an instance; inning (baseball); round; episode; chapter
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
to gulp down; to swallow deeply; to understand; to take in; to engulf; to swallow up
magical powers; supernatural powers; spell; charm
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
shield; buckler; escutcheon; pretext
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
another; one more; not quite; not very good; lacking
defense; defence; safeguard; protection
passing through (of a tunnel, bullet, etc.); going (right) through; penetrating; (arch.) being well versed (in)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence