indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
congratulation; congratulations; celebration; congratulatory gift; present
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
with trouble; at great pains; rare; valuable; kind; generous
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
showy; brilliant; gorgeous; florid; gay
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
bustling; busy; crowded; lively (party, voices, etc.); loud; noisy
suddenly; in a flash; rapidly; attractive; distinguished; showy
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to break; to destroy; to wreck; to ruin; to break (a bill, etc.)
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to chip; to be chipped; to be missing (from a set, team, etc.); to be absent; to be lacking (in); to be short (of)
joint; link; knot; tie-together point
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
steward; butler; court official; deacon (Anglican, Lutheran, etc.)
(those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of