hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to strike; to clap; to play drums; to abuse; to bash; to consult; to sound out
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
now that you mention it; come to think of it; that reminds me; on that subject; speaking of which
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
attention; notice; care; caution; advice; warning
hole; opening; pit; hollow; burrow; den; deficit
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
to draw (water); to ladle; to pour (into a cup); to drink (together); to consider (feelings, the situation, etc.); to sympathize with
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonsense; no meaning; meaningless
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
cool (temperature, color, etc.); cool (i.e. calm and collected); cool (i.e. fashionable, attractive, etc.); course (of medical treatment); season (series) of a television program (usu. 13 installments over a 3-month period)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
suffix appended to somebody else's family members
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
(not) even once; (not) ever
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
entry to school or university; matriculation; enrolment (in university, etc.) (enrollment)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
boy; son; baby boy; young man
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to greet; to call out (to); to invite; to get in touch (with); to cheer (on); to give vocal support (to)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
making a person, pet, etc. wait (before being permitted to do something); postponement; putting on hold