once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
United Kingdom; Britain; Great Britain
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to work (for); to be employed (at); to serve (as); to act (as); to conduct a religious service
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
supreme command; high command
general plan; main points; summary; platform (e.g. for a campaign); mission statement
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
doubt; question; uncertainty; skepticism; scepticism; suspicion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
hesitation; indecision; vacillation
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
manly; sportsmanlike; pure (heart, actions, etc.); upright; (arch.) unsullied (e.g. scenery or object); (arch.) pure
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
engine; agency; organisation; system; facility
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Tenpō era (1830.12.10-1844.12.2)
sen (hundredth of a yen); coin made of non-precious materials; one-thousandth of a kan (as a unit of currency); (arch.) one-thousandth of a kan (as a unit of mass)
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
establishment; founding; incorporation (of a business)
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
connection; link; relationship
to determine (esp. a culprit or underlying cause); to pin down; to ascertain; (arch.) to stab to death
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
delivery; transfer; hand-over
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very